{"id":1401,"date":"2020-06-28T21:45:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-28T21:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.norn.is\/eva\/?p=1401"},"modified":"2020-07-15T13:37:23","modified_gmt":"2020-07-15T13:37:23","slug":"uppgjor-vid-fortidina-eda-aras-a-tha-sem-sist-skyldi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.norn.is\/eva\/2020\/06\/28\/uppgjor-vid-fortidina-eda-aras-a-tha-sem-sist-skyldi\/","title":{"rendered":"Uppgj\u00f6r vi\u00f0 fort\u00ed\u00f0ina e\u00f0a \u00e1r\u00e1s \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 sem s\u00edst skyldi?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er varla raunh\u00e6ft fyrir hv\u00edtan Vestur-Evr\u00f3pub\u00faa f\u00e6ddan eftir lok s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimstyrjaldar a\u00f0 setja sig \u00ed spor \u00feeirra sem lif\u00f0u vi\u00f0 \u00e1nau\u00f0 \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00e1\u00a019. \u00f6ld. \u00de\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 vitum a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lar \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ust og a\u00f0 \u00ferautag\u00f6ngu \u00feeirra var hvergi n\u00e6rri loki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fer\u00e6lahald v\u00e6ri afnumi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1ttum vi\u00f0 okkur sennilega ekki \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif \u00e1nau\u00f0in haf\u00f0i \u00e1 hvert einasta sm\u00e1atri\u00f0i daglegs l\u00edfs. Vi\u00f0 erum varla miki\u00f0 betur \u00ed stakk b\u00fain til a\u00f0 setja okkur \u00ed spor \u00feeirra sem h\u00e9ldu \u00fer\u00e6la, vi\u00f0 setjum \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00f3lk \u00ed flokk me\u00f0 st\u00f3rgl\u00e6pam\u00f6nnum frekar en vinnuveitendum, vi\u00f0 sams\u00f6mum okkur ekki svo hryllilegu f\u00f3lki. En getum vi\u00f0 sett okkur \u00ed spor \u00feeirra sem horf\u00f0u \u00e1 \u00e1nau\u00f0ina og ypptu \u00f6xlum? E\u00f0a \u00feeirra sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u andstygg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fer\u00e6lahaldi og vildu uppr\u00e6ta \u00fea\u00f0? Vi\u00f0 erum ekkert \u00f3v\u00f6n \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 horfa upp \u00e1 \u00f3r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti og einmitt s\u00ed\u00f0ustu vikurnar hefur veri\u00f0 mikil stemning fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka afst\u00f6\u00f0u gegn rasisma.<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/a>
\"\"<\/div><\/div>
Menning \u00ed endursko\u00f0un e\u00f0a vandl\u00e6tingarfull sk\u00edtaleit?<\/div>
Fyrir m\u00f6rgum \u00e1rum vann \u00e9g \u00e1 elliheimili. \u00dear var kona sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 vinnukona \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku b\u00f3ndab\u00fdli upp \u00far 1930. H\u00fan f\u00e9kk gott r\u00fam, betri mat en h\u00fan \u00e1tti a\u00f0 venjast og eigna\u00f0ist g\u00f3\u00f0a vinkonu sem einnig vann \u00e1 heimilinu. \u00dea\u00f0 lei\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 ekki \u00e1 l\u00f6ngu \u00fear til henni f\u00f3r a\u00f0 \u00feykja vistin \u00fer\u00fagandi \u00fev\u00ed […]<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n

R\u00e9ttl\u00e6tingar fyrir rasima 19. aldar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Um 1850 var \u00fer\u00e6lahald a\u00f0 mestu aflagt \u00ed nor\u00f0urr\u00edkjum Bandar\u00edkjanna. \u00c1skoranir um afn\u00e1m \u00e1nau\u00f0ar h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3 takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00ed su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum, sem bygg\u00f0u afkomu s\u00edna a\u00f0 verulegu leyti \u00e1 b\u00f3mullarr\u00e6ktun sem \u00fatheimti miki\u00f0 vinnuafl. Sunnanmenn skorti ekki r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tingar fyrir \u00fer\u00e6lahaldi, r\u00f6kin voru tr\u00faarleg, menningars\u00f6guleg, samf\u00e9lagsleg, eignarr\u00e9ttarleg, erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ileg og meira a\u00f0 segja af mann\u00fa\u00f0artoga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00der\u00e6lahald var \u00ed fyrsta lagi Gu\u00f0s vilji, \u00fea\u00f0 g\u00e1tu menn sanna\u00f0 me\u00f0 Bibl\u00edunni. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi haf\u00f0i \u00fer\u00e6lahald vi\u00f0gengist \u00ed \u00f6llum samf\u00e9l\u00f6gum og var \u00fear me\u00f0 e\u00f0lilegur \u00fe\u00e1ttur si\u00f0menningar. \u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi hef\u00f0i afn\u00e1m \u00fer\u00e6lahalds leitt til atvinnuleysis, heimilisleysis og upplausnar me\u00f0 tilheyrandi h\u00f6rmungum fyrir allt samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0. Fj\u00f3r\u00f0a og auglj\u00f3sasta r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tingin var s\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6ll v\u00e6ri eign sem menn h\u00f6f\u00f0u keypt e\u00f0a fengi\u00f0 \u00ed arf. B\u00e6ndur \u00feurftu \u00e1 vinnuafli a\u00f0 halda til a\u00f0 komast af og varla var sk\u00e1rra a\u00f0 allir syltu, b\u00e6\u00f0i svartir og hv\u00edtir, en a\u00f0 b\u00e6ndur n\u00fdttu s\u00e9r vinnuafl sem \u00feeir, e\u00f0a forfe\u00f0ur \u00feeirra, h\u00f6f\u00f0u borga\u00f0 d\u00fdrum d\u00f3mum. \u00cd fimmta lagi var svart f\u00f3lk sagt gl\u00e6phneigt a\u00f0 upplagi, ofbeldi og stels\u00fdki var \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0 borin og \u00fev\u00ed samf\u00e9lagsleg nau\u00f0syn a\u00f0 hv\u00edtir hef\u00f0u v\u00f6ld yfir \u00feessum h\u00e6ttulegu verum. \u00cd sj\u00f6tta lagi voru svartir taldir of heimskir, latir og \u00e1byrg\u00f0arlausir til a\u00f0 vera f\u00e6rir um a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a s\u00e9r sj\u00e1lfir, \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feurfti gott f\u00f3lk til a\u00f0 passa upp \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00de\u00f3tt hart v\u00e6ri deilt um r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti \u00fer\u00e6lahalds r\u00edkti nokku\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0 s\u00e1tt um \u00fe\u00e1 hugmynd, sem endurspeglast \u00ed sumum \u00feessara r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tinga, a\u00f0 kyn\u00fe\u00e6ttir manna v\u00e6ru komnir mislangt \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3unarbrautinni. \u00dea\u00f0 var talin v\u00edsindaleg sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 svartir st\u00e6\u00f0u \u00f6pum n\u00e6r \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3unarferlinu en hv\u00edtir menn. Hv\u00edtir voru almennt taldir b\u00e6\u00f0i kl\u00e1rari og sterkari \u00e1 svellinu si\u00f0fer\u00f0islega.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deetta var veruleikinn sem f\u00f3lk hr\u00e6r\u00f0ist \u00ed. \u00deeir  sem vildu afnema \u00fer\u00e6lahald voru mannlegir og gengu sennilega almennt ekki \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00feeirri forsendu a\u00f0 allir menn v\u00e6ru jafnir a\u00f0 manngildi og vir\u00f0ingu heldur \u00feeirri a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lahald v\u00e6ri \u00f3mann\u00fa\u00f0legt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kofi T\u00f3masar fr\u00e6nda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00cd \u00feessu andr\u00famslofti skrifar Harriet Beecher Stowe sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gu sem \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 hafa g\u00edfurleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 afst\u00f6\u00f0u almennings til \u00fer\u00e6lahalds, og ekki a\u00f0eins \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. \u00deetta er sagan Kofi T\u00f3masar fr\u00e6nda \u2013 e\u00f0a l\u00edf hinna l\u00e6gst settu<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sagan kom \u00fat \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum 1852 en haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 birt sem framhaldssaga \u00ed t\u00edmariti bar\u00e1ttuf\u00f3lks fyrir afn\u00e1mi \u00fer\u00e6lahalds. A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn h\u00f6fundar voru \u00fea\u00f0 einkum tv\u00f6 atvik sem kn\u00fa\u00f0u hana til a\u00f0 skrifa b\u00f3kina. Annarsvegar haf\u00f0i h\u00fan misst ungt barn sitt og \u00fea\u00f0 j\u00f3k sam\u00fa\u00f0 hennar me\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lum sem g\u00e1tu ekkert a\u00f0 gert \u00feegar b\u00f6rn voru tekin fr\u00e1 m\u00e6\u00f0rum s\u00ednum sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u enga von um a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 \u00feau framar. Hinsvegar misbau\u00f0 henni gr\u00f3flega \u00feegar sett voru l\u00f6g sem skyldu\u00f0u b\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld og almenning \u00ed nor\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum til a\u00f0 koma stroku\u00fer\u00e6lum aftur \u00ed hendur eigenda sinna a\u00f0 vi\u00f0lag\u00f0ri refsingu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sagan l\u00fdsir daglegu l\u00edfi \u00ed \u00fer\u00e6ld\u00f3mi og rekur samt\u00f6l milli hv\u00edtra sem hafa mismunandi afst\u00f6\u00f0u til \u00fer\u00e6lahalds. Bo\u00f0skapur hennar er sk\u00fdr og einfaldur: \u00der\u00e6lahald er \u00f3kristilegt og \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 vi\u00f0gangast. Mann\u00fa\u00f0leg me\u00f0fer\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tir ekki \u00fer\u00e6lahald og \u00feessvegna gefa g\u00f3\u00f0ir og sannkristnir menn \u00fer\u00e6lum s\u00ednum frelsi og bj\u00f3\u00f0a \u00feeim laun fyrir vinnuna ef \u00feeir vilja vera \u00e1fram \u00ed vistinni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f3kin vakti gr\u00ed\u00f0arleg vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0. H\u00fan var\u00f0 s\u00f6luh\u00e6sta b\u00f3k 19. aldar \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum a\u00f0 Bibl\u00edunni einni undanskilinni, var \u00fe\u00fddd \u00e1 m\u00f6rg tungum\u00e1l og \u00f3umdeilt er a\u00f0 h\u00fan efldi til muna andst\u00f6\u00f0u gegn \u00fer\u00e6lahaldi \u00ed nor\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum. \u00dev\u00ed hefur jafnvel veri\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 h\u00fan hafi veri\u00f0 st\u00f3r hvati a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lastr\u00ed\u00f0inu sem var\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lahald var afnumi\u00f0 me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1865. Hvort \u00fea\u00f0 er r\u00e9tt skal \u00f3sagt l\u00e1ti\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00f0 sama skapi s\u00e6tti Harriet har\u00f0ri gagnr\u00fdni fyrir \u00f3sanngirni \u00ed gar\u00f0 hei\u00f0arlegra \u00fer\u00e6lahaldara og skort \u00e1 inns\u00fdn \u00ed \u00feann veruleika sem ger\u00f0i \u00fer\u00e6lahald nau\u00f0synlegt. \u00cd \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta 14 sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gur voru skrifa\u00f0ar sem svar vi\u00f0\u00a0Kofa T\u00f3masar fr\u00e6nda,\u00a0<\/em>\u00fear sem \u00e1herslan var \u00e1 manng\u00e6sku \u00fer\u00e6lahaldara og nau\u00f0syn \u00feess a\u00f0 vernda svarta fr\u00e1 sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r og samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00feeim. Engin \u00feeirra slaga\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 neitt upp \u00ed\u00a0Kofa T\u00f3masar fr\u00e6nda<\/em>\u00a0a\u00f0 vins\u00e6ldum. B\u00f3kin var b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 \u00ed su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum og bent var \u00e1 a\u00f0 h\u00f6fundur hef\u00f0i aldrei dvali\u00f0 \u00ed su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum og hef\u00f0i enga reynslu af \u00fer\u00e6lahaldi fr\u00e1 fyrstu hendi. Svo rammt kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e1s\u00f6kunum um a\u00f0 sagan v\u00e6ri l\u00edti\u00f0 anna\u00f0 en hugar\u00f3rar, tr\u00f6llas\u00f6gur og r\u00f3gbur\u00f0ur a\u00f0 Harriet skrifa\u00f0i t\u00falkunarlykil, \u00fear sem h\u00fan ger\u00f0i grein fyrir heimildum s\u00ednum, \u00fe.\u00e1.m. vitnisbur\u00f0i stroku\u00fer\u00e6la.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896),<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Hundra\u00f0 og sext\u00edu \u00e1rum eftir \u00fatkomu b\u00f3karinnar er Harriet Beecher Stowe b\u00e6\u00f0i elsku\u00f0 og gagnr\u00fdnd. \u00d3sanngirni \u00ed gar\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lahaldara er ekki lengur talin vandam\u00e1l heldur hefur h\u00fan, \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugum, veri\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdnd fyrir rasisma. J\u00e1, rasisma. Pers\u00f3nusk\u00f6pun Harriet Beecher Stowe er s\u00f6g\u00f0 hafa lagt grundv\u00f6llinn a\u00f0 ska\u00f0legum sta\u00f0almyndum og \u00feannig b\u00fai\u00f0 \u00ed haginn fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 mismunun og ofs\u00f3knir sem svartir s\u00e6ttu \u00e1 20. \u00f6ldinni og s\u00e6ta enn. \u201eUncle Tom\u201c er n\u00fa nota\u00f0 um svart f\u00f3lk sem skr\u00ed\u00f0ur fyrir hv\u00edtum, afneitar \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkin s\u00e9u gegns\u00fdr\u00f0 af rasisma og skellir skuldinni \u00e1 f\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mbin \u00feegar svartir ver\u00f0a fyrir mismunun og ofs\u00f3knum. Tengingin er a\u00f0 sumu leyti skiljanleg en gengur fur\u00f0ulangt. \u00de\u00f3tt T\u00f3mas fr\u00e6ndi \u00ed b\u00f3kinni deyi p\u00edslarv\u00e6ttisdau\u00f0a frekar en a\u00f0 segja til stroku\u00fer\u00e6la er \u201eUncle Tom\u201c samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur nota\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00e1 sem breg\u00f0ast sv\u00f6rtum \u00feegar \u00feeir eru ofs\u00f3ttir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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